An Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) is a combination of equipment and controls that handle, store and retrieve materials as needed with precision, accuracy and speed under a defined degree of automation. Systems vary from smaller automated systems to larger computer controlled storage/retrieval systems totally integrated into a manufacturing and/or distribution process.

Generically speaking, AS/RS refers to a variety of computer-controlled methods for automatically depositing and retrieving loads to and from defined storage locations. Within an AS/RS environment one would find one or more of the following technologies:

· Unit-load AS/RS – Machines that store large loads (usually 1,000+ pounds), typically on pallets with storage rack structure, reaching 100 feet or more tall.

· Mini-load AS/RS – Operating the same as a unit-load AS/RS, a mini-load AS/RS handle lighter loads, usually weighing less than 1,000 pounds

· Vertical lift modules (VLMs) – VLMs consist of a column of trays in the front and back of the module with an automatic inserter/extractor in the center that stores and retrieves the required trays

·Shuttles – Shuttles are used for the automated handling of totes, trays, cartons or all three in the same system – for either warehousing or manufacturing.

·Horizontal carousels – Ideal for storing small parts and pieces, horizontal carousels are comprised of a series of bins that rotate horizontally around a track.

·  Vertical carousels – Rotating vertically, like a Ferris wheel, vertical carousels house a series of shelves or carriers to provide high-density storage.

· Cube-based storage – Ultra-high density goods-to-person piece picking system which utilizes robots to store and retrieve inventory bins from a cubical storage grid.